Source: http://news.feedzilla.com/en_us/stories/politics/top-stories/267113497?client_source=feed&format=rss
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When Hamas launches a rocket, Israeli iPhones buzz
Thanks to Color Red, a new app thought up by a 13-year-old, Israelis all over the country know exactly when and where each rocket from Gaza is headed.
Rockets launched by Palestinian militants towards Israel make their way from the central Gaza Strip, seen from the Israel Gaza border, Monday. Thanks to an app thought up by an Israeli teenager, Israelis all over the country know exactly when and where each rocket from Gaza is headed.
Lefteris Pitarakis/AP
EnlargeAdi Pito and his friend Avi Genasia were checking out the damage from the first ? and so far only ? fatal rocket attack of the past week when there was a deep rumble on the horizon.
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There was also a buzz from Mr. Genasia?s iPhone. A rocket had been fired from Gaza.
Thanks to Color Red, a new app thought up by a 13-year-old, Israelis all over the country know exactly when and where each rocket is headed.
The geeky solution for Israel?s more than 3 million residents threatened by rocket fire isn?t the first time Israel?s high-tech prowess has been applied to its security threats. In fact, much of Israel?s innovation economy ? which is considered second only to Silicon Valley ? is spurred by the demands of its military and related security industries.
Perhaps adversity whets Israel?s competitive edge, as suggested by the 2009 best-seller Start-Up Nation. According to Israeli press reports, the young teenager behind Color Red is from Beersheva, one of the cities that bears the brunt of Gaza rocket fire ? and thus pops up most frequently on the app.
You can choose to have all alerts sent to your phone, or just those for areas you select from a long list ? all in Hebrew. The system efficiently delivers its notifications based off the government's public warning alerts.
Depending on where Israelis live, they have between 15 and 90 seconds to reach a bomb shelter once the sirens begin to wail. Lately, the sirens have been followed by a large BOOM as Israel?s Iron Dome system kicks in.
Then, if you also have the app from daily newspaper Haaretz, you see an alert pop up while sipping your latte on the Mediterranean coast: Iron Dome intercepts rocket over Tel Aviv.
Apps may not blunt the rockets, but it?s nice to know where they?re falling ??and where they?re not.
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Video: ?One of my dreams was lacrosse?
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Disaster Recovery / Business Continuity Plans - Networking Forum
routerdork wrote:
Haha I hear ya there. Luckily we build redundancy into most everything. I just want to make sure all the bases are covered since I'm redoing our DR setup.
there is lots of good info on the SANS site, that should get you what you need.
_________________
"You must be the change you wish to see in the world."
- Mahatma Gandhi
Source: http://www.networking-forum.com/viewtopic.php?f=46&t=34648
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Congress looks at doing away with the $1 bill
WASHINGTON (AP) ? American consumers have shown about as much appetite for the $1 coin as kids do their spinach. They may not know what's best for them either. Congressional auditors say doing away with dollar bills entirely and replacing them with dollar coins could save taxpayers some $4.4 billion over the next 30 years.
Vending machine operators have long championed the use of $1 coins because they don't jam the machines, cutting down on repair costs and lost sales. But most people don't seem to like carrying them. In the past five years, the U.S. Mint has produced 2.4 billion Presidential $1 coins. Most are stored by the Federal Reserve, and production was suspended about a year ago.
The latest projection from the Government Accountability Office on the potential savings from switching to dollar coins entirely comes as lawmakers begin exploring new ways for the government to save money by changing the money itself.
The Mint is preparing a report for Congress showing how changes in the metal content of coins could save money.
The last time the government made major metallurgical changes in U.S. coins was nearly 50 years ago when Congress directed the Mint to remove silver from dimes and quarters and to reduce its content in half dollar coins. Now, Congress is looking at new changes in response to rising prices for copper and nickel.
At a House subcommittee hearing Thursday, the focus was on two approaches:
?Moving to less expensive combinations of metals like steel, aluminum and zinc.
?Gradually taking dollar bills out the economy and replacing them with coins.
The GAO's Lorelei St. James told the House Financial Services panel it would take several years for the benefits of switching from paper bills to dollar coins to catch up with the cost of making the change. Equipment would have to be bought or overhauled and more coins would have to be produced upfront to replace bills as they are taken out of circulation.
But over the years, the savings would begin to accrue, she said, largely because a $1 coin could stay in circulation for 30 years while paper bills have to be replaced every four or five years on average.
"We continue to believe that replacing the note with a coin is likely to provide a financial benefit to the government," said St. James, who added that such a change would work only if the note was completely eliminated and the public educated about the benefits of the switch.
Even the $1 coin's most ardent supporters recognize that they haven't been popular. Philip Diehl, former director of the Mint, said there was a huge demand for the Sacagawea dollar coin when production began in 2001, but as time wore on, people stayed with what they knew best.
"We've never bitten the bullet to remove the $1 bill as every other Western economy has done," Diehl said. "If you did, it would have the same success the Canadians have had."
Beverly Lepine, chief operating officer of the Royal Canadian Mint, said her country loves its "Loonie," the nickname for the $1 coin that includes an image of a loon on the back. The switch went over so well that the country also went to a $2 coin called the "Toonie."
Rep. Bill Huizenga, R-Mich., affirmed that Canadians have embraced their dollar coins. "I don't know anyone who would go back to the $1 and $2 bills," he said.
That sentiment was not shared by some of his fellow subcommittee members when it comes to the U.S. version.
Rep. Lacy Clay, D-Mo., said men don't like carrying a bunch of coins around in their pocket or in their suits. And Rep. Carolyn Maloney, D-N.Y., said the $1 coins have proved too hard to distinguish from quarters.
"If the people don't want it and they don't want to use it," she said, "why in the world are we even talking about changing it?"
"It's really a matter of just getting used to it," said Diehl, the former Mint director.
Several lawmakers were more intrigued with the idea of using different metal combinations in producing coins.
Rep. Steve Stivers, R-Ohio, said a penny costs more than 2 cents to make and a nickel costs more than 11 cents to make. Moving to multiplated steel for coins would save the government nearly $200 million a year, he said.
The Mint's report, which is due in mid-December, will detail the results of nearly 18 months of work exploring a variety of new metal compositions and evaluating test coins for attributes as hardness, resistance to wear, availability of raw materials and costs.
Richard Peterson, the Mint's acting director, declined to give lawmakers a summary of what will be in the report, but he said "several promising alternatives" were found.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/congress-looks-doing-away-1-bill-083418974--politics.html
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Pakistan agrees to free more Taliban prisoners
ISLAMABAD (AP) ? Pakistan agreed on Friday to free more Taliban prisoners in the future, a move considered a key step to coaxing the militant group into peace negotiations to end the 11-year-old war in Afghanistan.
The decision was announced in a statement by the foreign ministry in Islamabad after a one-day visit by Afghan Foreign Minister Zalmay Rasoul, who held talks with his Pakistani counterpart, Hina Rabbani Khar.
The statement gave no details on when the prisoners would be released, how many would go free or whether the militant group's former deputy leader, Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar, would be among them.
Earlier this month, Pakistan decided to release nine Taliban prisoners in a move that Kabul welcomed as a positive first step and an indication that Islamabad supports the stalled Afghan peace process.
The cooperation of Pakistan, which has longstanding ties to the Taliban, is seen as key to jumpstarting an Afghan peace process that has made little headway since it began several years ago, hobbled by distrust among the major players, including the United States. The Afghan and U.S. governments accuse Islamabad of backing insurgents ? an allegation Pakistan denies ? and say many militant leaders are hiding in the country.
With Afghan presidential elections and the withdrawal of most foreign combat troops looming in 2014, Afghanistan and its international allies are trying to push a peace process with the Taliban to bring an end to the conflict.
The foreign ministry statement after Rasoul's meeting with Khar said both sides agreed to the "release of more prisoners," but gave no further details.
Rasoul was expected to press Pakistan to free more Taliban prisoners, including Baradar, whom Afghanistan considers to be key to the reconciliation process, said an Afghan official who spoke on condition of anonymity ahead of the talks.
Baradar was captured in Pakistan in 2010 because he reportedly was having secret talks with the Afghans.
Khar, the Pakistani foreign minister, said during a joint news conference earlier Friday that the release of prisoners was "discussed thoroughly" and that the two countries had "operationalized" a joint commission to address the issue.
Pakistan also shared with Afghanistan a draft of a strategic partnership agreement the two countries hope to negotiate over the next year, Khar said. Afghanistan signed a similar agreement with Pakistan's archenemy India last year, causing consternation in Islamabad.
The Afghan foreign minister welcomed Pakistan's efforts.
"We want all Afghan Taliban to return to their country, join the constitutional political process there and play their part in furthering the construction and development of our nation," Rasoul said.
The Taliban prisoners released earlier by Pakistan, including some senior leaders, are believed to still be in the country, said the Afghan official who spoke ahead of Rasoul's visit.
While it's unclear whether the Taliban are interested in negotiating peace, the official maintained that there are indeed key Taliban figures who support a political process to end the violence, but that some of them are afraid to establish direct contact with the Afghan government because some of those who did in the past were killed or detained.
Afghanistan wants Pakistan to encourage Taliban leaders to join the Afghan-led peace process and allow Taliban negotiators to travel to third countries for talks without detaining them or putting pressure on their families, the official said.
Informal contacts have been established with Taliban officials in recent years, but so far no formal negotiations have begun.
Waheed Muzhda, a political analyst in Kabul and an expert on Taliban issues, told The Associated Press in a recent interview that he met informally about two months ago in Qatar with several Taliban figures, including Tayyab Agha, a personal emissary of Taliban leader Mullah Omar, and Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanekzai, a former deputy at two ministries during the Taliban regime.
Muzhda said the Taliban are interested in talks, but with the U.S. and not with the Afghan government. If any negotiations begin, they would be between the U.S. and the Taliban, he said.
"If there was a good result from that, then the Afghan government could be involved," Muzhda said.
___
Riechmann reported from Kabul, Afghanistan. Associated Press Writer Rahim Faiez contributed to this report from Kabul.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/pakistan-agrees-free-more-taliban-prisoners-164704725.html
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Dundee deals keep TD rolling in the green | FP Street | News ...
The next time an executive from the Dundee group of companies meets with an executive from TD Securities for lunch, both should insist that the banker pays.
The reason: through its seemingly never ending flow of equity financings the three realty companies within the Dundee group ? Dundee REIT, Dundee International REIT and Dundee Industrial ? have made significant contributions to the profit pool at the dealer and to its retail brokerage network given that TD Securities was the lead manager/book runner on all the financings. Now the issuer may demand a little quid pro quo.
According to calculations done by Financial Post Data, the three issuers have completed six equity financings this year raising about $1.034-billion (with another $200-million of deals announced but not closed.) Dundee REIT has done two deals for ($580.80-million); Dundee International three ($275.4-million) and Dundee Industrial one ($178.3-million.)
All those deals were treasury offerings except for the $155-million initial public offering of Dundee Industrial REIT. That issuer, which was created because of the perceived void for real estate based on industrial properties, was back in the markets Wednesday with a two part deal: $125-million of equity and $75-million of convertible debentures.
The completed treasury financings come with a 4% fee which was moved up to 5.25% in the case of the IPO. Overall, the Dundee group (after making some assumptions about the two current deals) has paid $52.31-million in agents fees this year. Given that TD has around a 30% liability for each of the deals, the bank has been paid $14.47-million for its underwriting services. Scotia Capital received $10.64-million in fees from Dundee. Of course that $14.47-million doesn?t flow to the investment banking group: the firm?s retail brokers also receive a fee for placing the new issue stock
A similar story prevailed in 2011: Dundee REIT raised $629-million equity on four deals while Dundee International completed its initial public offering with $310.5-million of equity and $161-million of convertibles. In all the group raised $1.1-billion. TD was lead on those five deals. In 2010, Dundee REIT completed or announced five deals that raised $577.6-million.
Andrew Phillips, head of the real estate group at TD Securities, said his firm ?has a broad and deep relationship? with Dundee having led all their deals since Dundee converted to a REIT in 2003,?
But his relationship with Micheal Cooper, chief executive at Dundee REIT goes back to the mid-1990s. ?We have done lots of business over the years. They are a great client,? said Phillips noting that about 20% of all equity capital raised this year have been in the form of real estate financings. In total more than $6-billion has been raised for real estate issuers.
But Phillips doesn?t take anything for granted. ?We are fortunate that they are a TD client. A number of the banks also have great clients as well.?
Indeed, if TD can continue its close relationship with the Dundee Group, big paydays will continue. This week, Dundee REIT filed a short form prospectus allowing it to borrow $2-billion in either equity (units) or debt including convertibles, over the next 25 months.
Dundee couldn?t be reached for comment but it?s known that it also values the relationship, which it views as a partnership, because it has worked well for many years.
Given the benefits to both sides of the TD/Dundee relationship, one debate among underwriters is the merits of having a stable of clients that are frequent issuers even if the average deal size is relatively small compared with having a few clients which are irregular but large issuers. It used to be said that the foreign firms used to target the latter, the so-called Big Elephants, because of their ability to access the U.S. and international markets. While that may be true for the large corporate debt deals, over time it has become less true for equity financings.
Here are two other valuable clients:
? Crescent Point Energy Corp. The Calgary-based company has completed two major deals this year: in March it raised $604-million and followed up with a $750-million financing earlier this month. On deals, the fee was meaning 4% meaning that the syndicate split $54.16-million.
? Brookfield Asset Management. This year companies within the group have been to the market on six occasions and raised $1.366-billion, the bulk of which ($1.25-billion) has been in preferred shares. Those deals have generated $42.245-million in fees. That issuer has a different arrangement with its underwriters: it has been three joint lead managers ? Scotia, RBC and CIBC ? which each received $7.25-million.
Source: http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/29/dundee-deals-keep-td-rolling-in-the-green/
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3 Original and Special Online Business Types For People Who ...
These days just about the best concept grasped by temporal humans is leverage. Properly using leverage is what has helped people all throughout history reach goals that they may not have been able to reach on their own. The amazing thing about this idea is just how many different uses there are for it. You should see that we?re talking about using leverage for your business and marketing needs. Get in the habit of looking at the business world in terms of applying and using leverage. You can try and find several Backlink Energizer reviews out there on the web to know this tool better.
If you like the idea of offering a service on the Internet, you might find this idea appealing. If you like the idea of working with videos, this could even be the secret to your success that you?ve been trying to find. This is a service through which you will be remodeling videos for various businesses, typically smaller businesses that find the idea attractive. You should learn everything you can both about videos and what makes them good or bad. Of course you have to learn how to create and edit videos, but that is easy and you do not even have to buy software for that. You can create a steady start for yourself by offering it for free through the marketing forums out there that will be the source of your first customers. There are all sorts of different kinds of experts and professionals out there?within each markets or niches. This marketing approach has you make marketing videos using all those experts in your niche. But this is not about interviewing them although you can do that if you want. You do, however, talk about these experts, explain what it is that they do and why what they do should matter to the people who are in your audience. You need to remember that this sort of marketing is different and you should take note of the simple fact that you are using both the experts themselves as well as the information that they provide. So, weirdly, what you?re doing is helping your audience not just associate you with those experts; you?re encouraging them to think of you as an expert as well.
If you have been wanting to get involved with highly competitive niches, then that is something you can do pretty easily. What you need to do is, instead of a head first approach, use a lateral approach. Choose the niche that you most want to pursue and then do your research so that you can find good sub-niches or areas in which you can provide content. What you need to do next is build an eBook or a series of videos about the sub-niche or the content and then start marketing. What you will be doing is coming in from a different angle; a different approach and tapping into the same audience.
As you?ve learned you?ve no doubt become familiar with the concept of using OPM (Other Peoples? Money) for business purposes. This is a principle that has withstood the test of time and has been responsible for generating quite a few incredible fortunes. We?ve talked about some things that are quite similar and both use the approaches of how to employ leverage. Hopefully now that you have got a better idea and understanding of what leverage is all about so you can go out there and make a difference.
Source: http://busionline.vacau.com/?p=1400
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Totalmovie Announces Internet-Based Live ... - Herald Online
MEXICO CITY, Nov. 28, 2012 ? /PRNewswire/ -- Totalmovie, a Grupo Salinas company, and a leader in online premium on-demand video entertainment, plans to launch one of the first global Internet-based live television service in early 2013. ?The combined on-demand and live television service will be available to consumers on multiple platforms including Web (www.totalmovie.com) and Internet-connected devices including TVs, mobile phones, tablets, streaming players and video gaming consoles.
Totalmovie is signing up strategic distribution partners in order to expedite the rollout of its over-the-top (OTT) service in major emerging markets worldwide. These partners include major telecommunications companies, Internet service providers and Pay-TV firms around the world.
Initial distribution partners of the service include RACSA in Central America and Iusacell in Mexico. The service will provide a selection of news, children, sports and general interest programming, including Azteca channels from Mexico.
Totalmovie and Sony also announced an agreement through which Sony will offer in Latin America a pre-loaded Totalmovie application on its Internet connected TV, PlayStation 3 consoles, Blu-Ray players and home theaters products. The agreement is effective immediately for Mexico, Brazil and ?20 other countries in the region.
The Totalmovie application will allow users unlimited access to the extensive Totalmovie catalog of hit Hollywood movies and television series for only US$7.99 per month.
The public signing of the agreement was presided by Ricardo Salinas Pliego, Grupo Salinas Chairman, Takayuki Suzuki, President of Sony Mexico and Samer Salameh, Executive President of Totalmovie.
"This partnership is a winning formula for us, as we expand the horizon of fun and entertainment options for the consumer," said Takayuki Suzuki, President of Sony Mexico.
Totalmovie remains at the forefront of offering innovative OTT solutions with a firm commitment to delivering "anytime, anyplace" premium video entertainment to consumers. Totalmovie currently has almost 2.0M registered users, and gets 5.0M unique visitors to its Web site every month, making it the second-largest premium on-demand video service in Latin America.
About Totalmovie
A Grupo Salinas company and world leader in over-the-top (OTT) video entertainment, Totalmovie (www.totalmovie.com) is Latin America's first legal premium video online streaming service. Launched in July 2011, Totalmovie.com now operates in over 40 countries across Latin America, and has quickly become the second largest online video service in the region.
The Totalmovie service offers subscribers thousands of hours of streaming entertainment including movies, regional content and television series, and soon live linear television channels, for a small monthly subscription fee. The services can be enjoyed on PCs, Blue-Ray players, iPads, Android tablets, Internet TV's, Play Station 3 and Smartphones. ?(For more information, please visit www.totalmovie.com)
About Grupo Salinas
Grupo Salinas (www.gruposalinas.com) is a group of dynamic, fast growing, and technologically advanced companies focused on creating shareholder value, building the Mexican middle class, and improving society through excellence. Created by Mexican entrepreneur Ricardo B. Salinas (www.ricardosalinas.com), Grupo Salinas operates as a management development and decision forum for the top leaders of member companies. These companies include: TV Azteca (www.tvazteca.com.mx; irtvazteca.com), Azteca America (www.aztecaamerica.com), Grupo Elektra (www.grupoelektra.com.mx), Banco Azteca (www.bancoazteca.com.mx), Afore Azteca (www.aforeazteca.com.mx), Advance America (www.advanceamerica.net), Seguros Azteca (www.segurosazteca.com.mx), ?Grupo Iusacell (www.iusacell.com) and Totalmovie (www.totalmovie.com). Each of the Grupo Salinas companies operates independently, with its own management, board of directors and shareholders. Grupo Salinas has no equity holdings.
Grupo Salinas media contact: Daniel McCosh +52 (55) 1720-0059 dmccosh@gruposalinas.com
Total Movie business inquiries: Cecilia Ruiz +1 310 745 2025 ceci@totalmovie.com
SOURCE Totalmovie; Grupo Salinas
Source: http://www.heraldonline.com/2012/11/28/4446726/totalmovie-announces-internet.html
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Family Home and Life: Winter Comes Color Palette
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Source: http://www.familyhomeandlife.com/2012/11/winter-comes-color-palette.html
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tutatunir: Feng Shui Chinese New Year | HouseofFengShui - brenn witt
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Source: http://houseoffengshui.net/feng-shui-chinese-new-year/
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Verizon's Samsung Galaxy Note 2 available Nov. 29
After a month of preorders, Verizon just dropped word that its version of the Samsung Galaxy Note 2 -- differentiated by that not-at-all gaudy Verizon logo on the home button -- will be available online and in stores tomorrow, Nov. 29. The 5.5-inch oversized phone with its excellent Wacom S Pen will run $299 on contract. But you also get that Verizon-branded home button for free, so it's really a bargain if you stop and think about it.
The Note 2 is running Android 4.1 Jelly Bean with a quad-core Exynos processor at 1.6 GHz, with 2 GB of RAM. It's also got an 8MP rear camera and 1.9MP shooter out front, plus all the usual Samsung software bells and whistles. Plus, Verizon has put its logo on the home button. You won't get that anywhere else.
Source: Verizon
Also: The first Galaxy Note 2 accessory you'll want -- a home button sticker
 |  |
Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/androidcentral/~3/gbAd4miOoj4/story01.htm
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SECRET TO SLIMMING ? 'OUT OF AFRICA' | Gnet Health and Fitness
Picture the lean muscular physique of the West African tribesman as he stalks his prey, intent on providing sustenance for his family?You?ll probably be aware of the physical fitness needed for a successful hunt. What you probably WON?T know is that for centuries, the secret to keeping energy levels high amongst West African Natives was African Mango! Today in the modern world, in which there is so much pressure to stay trim and toned, we are rediscovering what African Natives already knew about many moons ago ? the energy-increasing properties of African Mango that serve to boost metabolism ? burning fat and helping you shed those extra pounds!
Weight Loss Programs Bear Fruit With African Mango!
The popularity of this brightly-coloured tropical fruit is soaring, as people catch on to its amazing weight loss benefits! Hailing exclusively from Cameroon?s west-coastal rainforests, ?Bush Mango? ? as it is also known ? is unique in that it produces a seed referred to by Natives as ?Dikka Nuts?. It is an extract from this seed (Irvingia Gabonensis) that was celebrated for hundreds of years among Cameroon villagers for its diverse medicinal benefits, and today, provides a most effective weight loss supplement!
Enhance Energy, Burn Away The Bulge!
Irvingia Gabonensis (African Mango Extract) provides an energy boost and helps fight fatigue, as well as boosting metabolism and increasing fat oxidation, thereby promoting weight loss. A study conducted on 102 people showed ?Significant improvements in body weight, body fat, and waist circumference? for those taking African Mango. So how does it work exactly? There is a substance called Leptin that is responsible for regulating our metabolism and appetite?African Mango Extract is believed to increase the amount of Leptin in our bloodstream when taken as a supplement ? voila! What?s more, as a totally natural product, African Mango represents a safe solution for weight loss, without any of the harmful side effects of other weight loss aids.
Press Promotes Effects Of African Mango Extract!
Fox News: (Click article for full size)
Mail Online: (Click article for full size)
The People?s African Mango Reviews!
Lost 11 Pounds In 3 Weeks!
I?ve only been using african mango for 3 weeks but have noticed a big difference already. I?ve lost 11 pounds in that time which is the best i have every done so i?m really pleased?
? Hefty Hannah ?
(www.amazon.co.uk) ?
Great Product ? I?ve Already Dropped 22 Pounds!
This stuff is definitely working for me?African mango is such a great product. It doesn?t give me those awful jitters like I?ve gotten from most other diet pills and I have been able to avoid the cravings that have pretty much run my life for the past few months?What?s even better is that I?ve already dropped 22 pounds in the past month and a half. I still have a way to go to get to my goal of 50 pounds but I am definitely off to an awesome start
? E. Gilbert ?
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Richmond Golf club
The Richmond Golf Club (RGC) is about 10 minutes from Hobart City and 5 Minutes from Hobart Airport. The course is 3km outside the township of Cambridge on the road to Richmond Village and has beautiful panoramic views overlooking the Barilla Bay waterway.
Richmond is a private 9-hole country course and welcomes visitors and new members.
Holes: 9
Par: 66
Length: 805m
ACR: 64.1
Source: http://tasmania.golfer.com.au/directory/richmond-golf-club-tasmania/975
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oyesmiah883: grimmest rhymer: POLICY FOR DEATH AND DYING ...
POLICY FOR DEATH AND DYING
INFORMATION GATHERING
?
- Death and dying requires great sensitivity.? Many older people are realistic in recognising that the end of life is relatively close, so this subject should be dealt with sensitively but not unduly secretively.
- At all times, attempt to respect any expressed wishes of residents in relation to death or period of dying.
- We also put into practice Advanced Care Planning which is based on the Liverpool Integrated Care Pathway for the dying patient (LCP).? This provides a template of care to guide our staff and to provide communication.? This would include :
?An initial assessment and care of the dying patient, care of the family and care after death of the patient.
This would provide appropriate information so that discussion and review of choices? between residents, their families, health and social care professionals can take place.? This would result in the drawing up of a palliative care plan which would improve care (allow discussion to avert difficulties at a later date) and enable family involvement and care to be individually focused.
- Ensure the resident has got a Lasting Power of Attorney or a Living Will that they wish to follow.
- We must attempt to ascertain and record any personal wishes in relation to residents eventual death.
- We welcome the involvement of relatives and friends in the information gathering process, provided permission is sought from the resident.
?CARE PRIOR TO DEATH
?
- We aim to provide the best physical care for a dying resident, seeking expert advice on specific needs, pain control and other disorders.? We strive to assist to provide peace of mind preparing for death with residents and their relatives.
- Once a resident has been diagnosed and their care needs assessed and the decision taken that the individual needs palliative care, the palliative care plan would be put into practice.? This also provides specific information e.g. care provided, name of funeral director etc. and whether cremation or burial has been requested.
- We attempt to provide a homely environment within a resident?s room, even if special equipment is required.
- If a wish has been expressed to move to hospital/hospice, all assistance will be given and advice sought.
- Recognise acute and often distressing emotions experienced at a time close to death and try to offer comfort and support.
?
- We would (where possible) endeavour to offer comfort and support to family members and friends during this emotional time.
?
- We actively encourage family and friends to visit where welcomed by a dying resident and try to make them as comfortable as possible.? We encourage family to stay with the resident if they wish.
- We are also aware that hearing is one of the last senses to be lost and we are aware of talking sensitively in front of that resident and any distressing conversations would be held outside the room.
- We respect the beliefs and spiritual needs of a dying resident and will seek expert advice when dealing with residents who subscribe to religious or other groups of which we have little experience.
- When a resident is seriously ill or passes away, they are remembered in our monthly Home?s Communion Service, and residents committee meeting within each home.
AFTER DEATH
- Remember that it is possible for the deceased to take a gasp of air after death, no pulse means death.
?
- We will ensure we communicate with the Next of Kin or whoever is the main point of contact as soon as possible after the death, providing whatever help we can.
- We will treat the deceased with the utmost respect in accordance with the wishes of the deceased?s family and friends.
- During illness and after death we will be sensitive to the needs of the other residents.
- We will make efforts to enable residents and staff to attend the funerals if they wish.? Of course, permission from the relatives will be sought first.
?PROCEDURE ON EXPECTED DEATH OF A RESIDENT? i.e. IF THE RESIDENT HAS BEEN SEEN BY GP WITHIN LAST 14 DAYS AND GP CONFIRMS CONDITION IS TERMINAL
- Senior person on duty/on call should be contacted to confirm death.
- Record time, date and circumstances of death on MAR sheet.
- Call GP to confirm death or the registered nurse from Hill House who is qualified to do so.
- Inform relatives, proprietors and Manager of death ? Record time on resident?s M.A.R.
- Call chosen undertakers, ensure time is appropriate so that deceased can be discreetly removed, taking into account other residents and relatives.
?
- Check on the care plan if there are any religious or cultural considerations before handling the body.
?
- Check the deceased is clean and tidy, and laid out as flat as possible.? Open window a little.
- Make a note or remove all jewellery before resident is removed by undertakers.
- If own GP did not certify death, phone surgery at 9.00am next morning to inform residents GP.
- Ensure after deceased is removed, room is left tidy.? Remove all laundry and bedding.
UNEXPECTED DEATH IF RESIDENT HAS NOT BEEN SEEN WITHIN 14 DAYS? BY GP FOR TERMINAL CONDITION
- Record the time and circumstances of death accurately and do not move any possible evidence.? Document jewellery and clothes on deceased.
- The deceased must remain untouched, the police should be contacted.
- GP called to certify death who will then call the Coroner/their representative.
- Advise relatives, proprietor and Manager of death.
- The Coroner/representative will arrange for undertaker to remove the body.
- If own GP did not certify, telephone surgery at 9.00am next working day to inform registered GP.
- The staff on duty must document circumstances leading to death which may be called upon by Coroner.
- Ensure after deceased is removed, room is left tidy.? Remove all laundry and bedding.
- CQC must be informed of the death of a resident ? a Reg. 16 ? 20 form must be completed and sent.
ACTION OF RELATIVES
- To make contact with chosen undertakers.
- To telephone surgery at 9.00 am next day to confirm suitable time to collect Death Certificate.
- To inform the home of certified cause of death at earliest possible time so they may notify the Commission.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
The following information must be sent to CQC within 24 hours of death:
??????????? -?? number, age and sex of resident
??????????? -?? date of admission to home
??????????? -?? date and time of death
??????????? -?? cause of death (if known)
??????????? -?? was death referred to the Coroner?
??????????? -?? date of inquest
??????????? -?? cause of death following inquest
Registration of death will be done within 5 days of death at the Registrar of Births, Marriages and Deaths.? Where there are no relatives, the Manager or Proprietor shall be responsible for this.? Documents required:
??????????? -?? death certificate
??????????? -?? resident?s NHS card
??????????? -?? details of resident?s date and place of birth
??????????? -?? marital status, occupation, maiden name and husband?s occupation if widowed.
Source: http://www.hillhouse-nursinghome.co.uk/policy-for-death-and-dying/
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Source: http://grimmest-rhymer.blogspot.com/2012/11/policy-for-death-and-dying-hill-house.html
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Source: http://oyesmiah883.blogspot.com/2012/11/grimmest-rhymer-policy-for-death-and.html
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54.5 MPG and Beyond: Fueling Energy-Efficient Vehicles
For many, refueling their vehicle can be disappointing. It?s the only activity where consumers watch the cost add up, dollar by dollar, quickly eating up disposable income. And much of that money goes right out the tail pipe -- only 14-26 percent of the energy from fuel is used to move a vehicle down the road.
Fortunately, the Obama Administration?s new national fuel economy standards for passenger vehicles will improve vehicle efficiency and save Americans money at the pump, all while reducing our dependence on foreign oil and growing the U.S. economy.
Finalized in August, the new standards build on the Obama Administration?s first set of fuel economy increases -- the first increase since 1985 -- that raised the average fuel economy of passenger vehicles to 35.5 miles per gallon by 2016. Under the new rules, cars and light-duty trucks built for model years 2017-2025 are expected to achieve industry-average fuel efficiency equivalents of 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025 -- nearly double the efficiency of cars on the road today.
These changes in vehicle efficiency will directly benefit consumers. By 2025 Americans can expect to save an estimated $8,200 in fuel costs over the lifetime of a new vehicle -- or almost four years worth of gasoline costs for the average household. The standards will also help clean the air we breathe, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by more than 65 percent compared to cars in 2016 and cutting other pollutants that cause soot and smog.
While the standards are based on an industry average fuel economy goal, a manufacturer?s individual requirements depend on the vehicles it produces. This helps preserve consumer choice, meaning Americans can still buy the vehicle that best fits their needs. Consumers don?t have to wait until 2025 to start saving. They are already seeing more efficient vehicles in the showrooms as a result of President Obama?s first round of fuel economy standards, and consumers are responding positively. The average fuel economy of new cars sold in October reached an all-time high of 24.1 miles per gallon, according to the University of Michigan?s Transportation Research Institute.
Improving light-duty vehicle fuel economy is also one of the fastest ways to reduce our dependence on foreign oil, helping to build an American economy to last. The program will save an estimated 12.2 billion barrels of oil, and by 2025 the standards will cut oil consumption by an estimated 2.2 million barrels a day. The fuel economy program alone with get us more than halfway to President Obama?s goal of cutting oil imports by a third by 2025.
Currently there is a wide range of technologies available to help automakers meet the standards, but achieving these historic goals will also require innovative new technologies and manufacturing. This innovation will spur economic growth and create high-quality domestic jobs. Employing 700,000 Americans, the auto industry is the lifeblood of U.S. manufacturing, and the Environmental Protection Agency estimates the new fuel economy standards will create more than 148,000 jobs from 2017-2025.
At the Energy Department, we are working to promote the innovation required to meet the new fuel economy standards, while making America more competitive and creating the jobs of tomorrow here at home. We are investing in groundbreaking research that will result in cars that have more efficient engines, weigh less and drive further.
Over the next few weeks, we will be highlighting companies and the technologies they are developing -- with the help of the Energy Department -- to reduce vehicle fuel consumption. Be sure to check on Energy.gov to learn about the advancements that will get us to 54.5 mpg by 2025.?
Source: http://energy.gov/articles/545-mpg-and-beyond-fueling-energy-efficient-vehicles
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Recreational Sport ? Steps to Follow When Choosing Your Leisure ...
How do you know which recreational sport is right for you? Though this is a simple question, it may not have a simple answer. Before answering this question, it makes sense to know the definition of a recreational sport. In simple terms, a recreational sport is any sport activity or event that one engages in during leisure time. In other words, it is a sport activity or event performed primarily for entertainment and fun. Though in some cases there may be monetary rewards associated with passtime sport, it is not usually the main goal. Other reasons associated with participating in a leisure activities includes: fitness, health, socialization, competition and sport support among others.
There are several options of leisure activities available for all age categories ranging from indoor to outdoor. Making the decision on which choice to pursue can be a real challenge and this varies significantly from one person to the other. For former professional athletes, the decision may be easier especially if they continue participating in their particular former professional sports (i.e. recreational level). The big task of choosing the right recreational sport is however on beginners. In order to make the right choice(s) if you are a beginner, it is important to consider the following general guidelines:
1. Choose a sport that you understand and are passionate about: Leisure sport in a way becomes part of your lifestyle and therefore needs to be entertaining and enjoyable. Choosing something that you don?t like or have no knowledge about can be frustrating even if your friends adore it. It only makes sense to pursue something that you know its rules and regulations. However, this does not mean one cannot learn a new sport or game, but it easier to do so if you love the sport.
2. Consider your goals and objectives: As mentioned above, there are different reasons that drive people into recreational sports. Choosing a sport that is in line with your goals, for example losing weight will only enrich the whole recreational experience. Some one looking for a recreational sport to aid in cutting down some extra body weight may benefit from running, jogging, walking, hiking or swimming among other high calorie burning sport activities as opposed to playing cards or video games. On the other hand somebody looking for a recreational sport that favors socialization may benefit from the latter.
3. Facilities, tools and equipment required: Different recreational sports may require different tools, facilities or equipment or in some cases may require none at all. These tools, facilities or equipment may also vary depending on the needs of every person. For example if you want to play golf for recreation, you will definitely have to purchase a golf club, balls and perhaps shoes. You will also need an available and accessible golf course to play. In some cases if you have more than one favorite recreational sport, you may have to choose what is more convenient based on availability of facilities. It makes more sense to go running at a nearby track especially if you get off work late in the evenings than having to drive for several miles to get to a golf course (i.e. if you like both golf and running).
4. Availability of time: Since a recreational sport is a pastime sport, choosing the right one may be dictated by how much free time is at one?s disposal. Some leisure sports are more time consuming than others. Additionally some of these sports must only be played outside. Where as some sports such as running, jogging, walking, playing tennis, playing basketball or swimming offers both indoor and outdoor options, some of them, for example playing golf, hiking, kayaking, surfing among other don?t. The more time one has, the more the options to choose from and the vice versa.
5. Seasonality: Though this may not be a big deal to people living along the equatorial line geographically, it definitely affects people living in areas with winter and summer climatic seasons. Some recreational sports such as those requiring snow may only be available during winter and only in some parts of the world. So if skiing is the only favorite recreational sport that one can participate in, it means there will be nothing to do for most of the year i.e. during the other seasons. When deciding on the right sport for recreation, it is advisable to have more than one option especially in a situation where one is affected by seasonal changes.
6. Number of participants required: Where as most sports require participation of more than one person at one time, some can be pursued individually. If your schedule does not allow group or team participation, choosing a recreational sport that will enable you to participate alone is a good idea. Jogging, walking, swimming, biking and running are great examples.
As mentioned earlier, this is not an exhaustive list of guidelines, but it is only meant to give you an idea of how to pick the best sport that will make your recreational life a success. Remember the bottom line is fun and entertainment.
Author: Philip Rotich
The author has masters in sports and leisure management. He is a former professional track and field athlete. He is currently pursuing Ph. D program as well coaching and counseling athletes and recreational sports individuals of all ages. For information visit Lose Abdominal Fat
Contents About : Recreational Sport ? Steps to Follow When Choosing Your Leisure Sport
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-- Download Recreational Sport - Steps to Follow When Choosing Your Leisure Sport as PDF --
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#5: Driving Test Success Hazard Perception Test (PC) | Education ...
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There has been an error of some kind. Ack!
Sorry, Readability was unable to parse this page for content.
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Adopt Oreo! Petite female cat with lots o' whiskers | Cambridge ...
Oreo is a happy, chatty kitty with tons of whiskers. She should be very easy to care for, as she is a short hair tuxedo. She is active and affectionate and will do well in a home that wants to engage her mentally. I think she'll be good at learning tricks. She is very petite for an adult cat - so she'll fit right in to your apartment or smaller space. Oreo is healthy, spayed, and microchipped with a HomeAgain microchip.
Interested in adopting Oreo (or any of our animals)? Due to spam, we only respond to people who fill out applications completely, with all the requested phone numbers. Thank you for understanding. Online adoption application: http://www.brokentailrescue.org/adoption-application/.
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Syrian war clouds Turkish plan to clear land mines
AKINCI, Turkey (AP) ? For two people walking into a Turkish minefield, they looked awfully assured.
The pair strode in from Syria on a recent afternoon, following a faint track across the grassy plain. They slipped into Turkey through a fence near a vacant military watchtower and vanished into an olive grove.
Such hazardous crossings are a smuggler's tradition at the border, where Turkish plans to clear a vast belt of land mines have been clouded by Syria's civil war. Last week, Turkey asked NATO allies to deploy Patriot missiles as a defense against any aerial attacks from Syria after shells and bullets spilled across the border, killing and injuring some Turks.
Starting in the 1950s, Turkish forces planted more than 600,000 U.S.-made "toe poppers" ? mines designed to maim, not kill ? and other land mines along much of its 900-kilometer (560-mile) border with Syria, which runs from the Mediterranean Sea to Iraq. The aim was to stop smugglers whose cheap black market goods undercut the Turkish economy and later to thwart Kurdish rebels from infiltrating Turkey's southeast.
However, the mines also killed and maimed civilians, took arable land from Turkish farmers and are now considered by many as a crude method of policing.
Turkey says it plans to clear anti-personnel mines on the Syria border by 2016, missing a March 2014 deadline required by the international Mine Ban Treaty. The International Campaign to Ban Landmines, a Geneva-based group that won the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize, has criticized Turkey for its slow progress.
The European Union has committed ?40 million ($52 million) to demining and surveillance equipment near Turkey's borders with Iran and Armenia on the basis that Turkey could eventually become the EU's most eastern border. Turkey, adjacent to the Middle East and Central Asia, has long been a drug trafficking route and a transit point for migrants who enter Europe illegally.
Since last year, nearly 200,000 Syrian refugees have crossed into Turkey, mostly through border posts or areas known to be free of mines. A Syrian man and two children were reported killed in August, however, by an explosive in an area of Mardin province that had been mined by the Turkish military. Syrian forces last year were also suspected of laying some mines to stem an embarrassing refugee flight into Turkey.
A Turkish smuggler in the border village of Akinci, south of the city of Gaziantep, said he has charged Syrian refugees up to 25 Turkish lira ($14) each to lead them through Turkish minefields. He has also acted as a lookout, monitoring shifts of Turkish military sentries and telling another smuggler who escorts Syrian clients, usually before dawn.
"I don't know where they are going. I don't care," said the gaunt man, who would not give his name and claimed he was desperate for cash. "I know it's risky for me, but I have to do it."
According to lore, villagers used to enter the Akinci mosque, which lies beside a minefield, for prayers and then sneak out the back into Syria for business.
On foot, mule or motorcycle, smugglers traditionally brought in items from Syria, including tea, gasoline, cigarettes, electronics and livestock, to sell for a profit in Turkey. The Syrian war has disrupted but not extinguished the trade among communities that were abruptly divided when the border was drawn in the last century.
Some smugglers try their luck at border posts, which became easier to cross when visa requirements were removed in 2009 after the warming of ties between Turkey and Syrian President Bashar Assad, now an enemy because of his attacks on the Syrian opposition. A few weeks ago, a Syrian man was detained while trying to enter Turkey with gold bars in his waistband.
Approved traffic moves the other way, as Turkey and other nations that oppose Assad send logistical and humanitarian aid to Syrian rebels and civilians. While Turkey says it is not arming the insurgency, Syrian rebels have told The Associated Press they receive some weapons and ammunition from the Turkish side with only sporadic interference from border patrols. According to rebels, these weapons are bought with funding from rich Syrians or sympathetic Gulf Arabs.
Fences are down and cars can cross in some parts adjoining Syria's Idlib province, an opposition stronghold.
The first mines on the Syrian border were planted after smugglers killed two customs agents in 1956. Turkey laid more mines in the 1980s and 1990s, at the height of its war with the rebel Kurdistan Workers' Party, or PKK, which was backed by Syria. Turkey is again worried about possible infiltration by Kurdish rebels who are cheered by an autonomy grab by their ethnic brethren in Syria.
The Turkish defense ministry told the AP it started evaluating bids from demining companies in July and would sign contracts once the assessment is complete.
"Developments in Syria to this day have not affected our plans or work," the ministry said. NATO said it is assisting with "technical preparations" for the mine clearance.
Cenk Sidar, managing director of Sidar Global Advisors, a Washington-based consultancy, said he believed that Turkey would sign contracts but wait until the Syrian civil war is resolved.
"According to plans, the government will build electronic border surveillance systems simultaneously with the demining. Even this seems too risky at this point," Sidar wrote in an email. "It may take a few years, and some qualified/selected firms may change their pricing or conditions due to the increasing instability."
Between 2010 and 2011, a Turkish firm, Nokta, and a partner from Azerbaijan cleared more than 1,200 mines around an archaeological site, Karkemish, on the Syrian border. They found anti-tank mines and M14 mines known as "toe poppers." It was hard to work with metal detectors because the soil also contained remnants of coins and other ancient fragments; some mines had to be dug out by hand rather than detonated to avoid damaging cultural treasures.
There is no reliable data for casualties from mines laid by the Turkish military, whose fight with the PKK has claimed tens of thousands of lives. The rebels, who regularly target security forces with mines and roadside bombs, took up arms in 1984 in the name of Kurdish rights; Turkey and the West label them terrorists.
Residents around Akinci recalled a villager who lost a limb to a mine several years ago while cutting trees for military sentries. Halil Kaya, 64, said he had heard of several dozen people over the decades who were killed or injured by mines. A deep furrow runs down Kaya's right forearm from a Turkish military bullet in his days as a smuggler.
Mehmet Dagdeviren, 49, said the Turkish military had softened and now might only fire warning shots at smugglers. He interrupted the chat to take a phone call, then rushed to a car and drove away.
A delivery from Syria needed collection.
___
Umut Colak in Akinci, Turkey, Bulut Emiroglu in Istanbul and Ben Hubbard in Beirut contributed.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/syrian-war-clouds-turkish-plan-clear-land-mines-085245388.html
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New study shows how climate change could affect entire forest ecosystems
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Public release date: 28-Nov-2012[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Gail Gallessich
gail.g@ia.ucsb.edu
805-893-7220
University of California - Santa Barbara
(Santa Barbara, Calif.) The fog comes in, and a drop of water forms on a pine needle, rolls down the needle, and falls to the forest floor. The process is repeated over and over, on each pine needle of every tree in a forest of Bishop pines on Santa Cruz Island, off the coast of Santa Barbara. That fog drip helps the entire forest ecosystem stay alive.
Thousands of years ago, in cooler and wetter times, Bishop pine trees are thought to have proliferated along the West Coast of the U.S. and Mexico. Now, stratus clouds the low-altitude clouds known locally as "June gloom" help keep the trees growing on Santa Cruz Island, Santa Rosa Island, and on one island off Baja California. Other than these locations, Bishop pine trees grow only farther north in California where it is cooler and wetter.
Mariah S. Carbone, first author of a new paper, titled "Cloud Shading and Fog Drip Influence the Metabolism of a Coastal Pine Ecosystem," and her co-authors, studied the influence of clouds on the largest Bishop pine forest of Santa Cruz Island. Carbone is a postdoctoral fellow with UC Santa Barbara's National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS). Their study was published in the journal Global Change Biology.
"When people think about climate change, they're often thinking about temperature and precipitation," said Carbone. "When you think about precipitation, it's rain and snow, depending on where you are. What this study showed is that you can have really important water inputs coming from clouds that influence the carbon cycle."
She explained that clouds are one of the largest uncertainties in global climate, and that the forest ecosystem interactions with clouds have a large impact one that has rarely been studied before, particularly in Southern California.
Changes in cloudiness or cloud height with global warming will alter the types of forest ecosystems that grow in coastal California, explained Carbone. While predictions about how rainfall will change in California over the next 50 years are uncertain, fog and low-stratus clouds might decline as sea-surface temperatures warm. Like the relict Bishop pines on Santa Cruz Island, and the majestic coastal Redwood forests in Northern California, forests remove and store carbon from the atmosphere, and thus are important for understanding greenhouse gas concentrations in the future. These coastal forests are also highly valued for their aesthetic and recreation qualities.
Fog is often present in coastal California during May through August. It occurs when the land warms in the spring and summer, and moist ocean air is pulled over cold, upwelling coastal waters. This moist air then condenses under a stable atmospheric inversion layer, creating low clouds or fog banks.
"The finding that summer fog strongly impacts carbon cycling highlights the need for improved understanding of whether we should expect coastal summer cloud behavior to change in a warmer world," said second author A. Park Williams, a former graduate student in UCSB's Geography Department, now at Los Alamos National Laboratory. "A change in summer fogginess could produce temperature, moisture, and carbon feedbacks in coastal ecosystems that easily swamp out the effects expected from increased greenhouse gases alone," said Williams.
The carbon cycle involves the movement of billions of tons of carbon between the oceans, lands, and atmosphere every year. Increased amounts of carbon dioxide, a potent greenhouse gas, are injected into the atmosphere and contribute to climate change.
The scientists received help from NASA and NOAA in collecting information. "We used satellite data to map the spatial distribution of cloud cover across the western portion of Santa Cruz Island," said senior author Christopher J. Still, formerly an associate professor at UC Santa Barbara, now at Oregon State University. "We had some evidence of a cloud cover gradient from the coast to inland, based on our own observations and our weather station data, but the satellite data from NOAA and NASA satellites really allowed us to quantify this gradient across the western half of the island and in particular at our two study sites," said Still.
Still said that the authors believe this study is unique in linking clouds to soil microbial activity. "While most previous research on fog and ecosystems has focused on its role in plant-water relations such as the well-known linkages between fog and coast Redwoods we show that soil microbial activity and metabolism in these coastal ecosystems may be very dependent on the light but frequent fog drip that occurs during the rainless summer months," said Still. The study is also unique in linking fog and low clouds to the carbon cycle of a coastal ecosystem, including its impact on tree growth and soil respiration.
"What we found was that there are two major effects of the clouds," said Carbone. "One is shading, which keeps the temperatures cooler and the soil moisture higher. The other is fog drip, which is a water input into the soil."
The soil moisture content was not depleted as rapidly where the trees were under more cloud cover, and thus they were able to grow longer into the dry season. Water pulses from fog drip immediately stimulated microbes in the litter and soil below, but did not directly enhance pine tree activity. The microbial activity releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
"This study provides us with a greater understanding of how fog and the low coastal clouds which Californians commonly call 'the marine layer' affect plant growth and the activities of microorganisms in the soil," said John Randall, scientist with The Nature Conservancy, which owns and operates Santa Cruz Island in cooperation with the National Park Service and the University of California. "Their findings of the importance of fog and low clouds in influencing plant growth and survival and microbial metabolism in the soil will help us understand how changes in coastal fogs and low clouds that may accompany climate change will affect the forests and soils on Santa Cruz Island, other islands off the coast of California and Mexico, and all along the coast of the adjacent mainland."
###
The work on Santa Cruz Island, conducted in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy, was funded by grants from the Andrew Mellon Foundation and the Kearney Foundation of Soil Science. The NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellowship and the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis have supported Carbone.
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Public release date: 28-Nov-2012[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Gail Gallessich
gail.g@ia.ucsb.edu
805-893-7220
University of California - Santa Barbara
(Santa Barbara, Calif.) The fog comes in, and a drop of water forms on a pine needle, rolls down the needle, and falls to the forest floor. The process is repeated over and over, on each pine needle of every tree in a forest of Bishop pines on Santa Cruz Island, off the coast of Santa Barbara. That fog drip helps the entire forest ecosystem stay alive.
Thousands of years ago, in cooler and wetter times, Bishop pine trees are thought to have proliferated along the West Coast of the U.S. and Mexico. Now, stratus clouds the low-altitude clouds known locally as "June gloom" help keep the trees growing on Santa Cruz Island, Santa Rosa Island, and on one island off Baja California. Other than these locations, Bishop pine trees grow only farther north in California where it is cooler and wetter.
Mariah S. Carbone, first author of a new paper, titled "Cloud Shading and Fog Drip Influence the Metabolism of a Coastal Pine Ecosystem," and her co-authors, studied the influence of clouds on the largest Bishop pine forest of Santa Cruz Island. Carbone is a postdoctoral fellow with UC Santa Barbara's National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS). Their study was published in the journal Global Change Biology.
"When people think about climate change, they're often thinking about temperature and precipitation," said Carbone. "When you think about precipitation, it's rain and snow, depending on where you are. What this study showed is that you can have really important water inputs coming from clouds that influence the carbon cycle."
She explained that clouds are one of the largest uncertainties in global climate, and that the forest ecosystem interactions with clouds have a large impact one that has rarely been studied before, particularly in Southern California.
Changes in cloudiness or cloud height with global warming will alter the types of forest ecosystems that grow in coastal California, explained Carbone. While predictions about how rainfall will change in California over the next 50 years are uncertain, fog and low-stratus clouds might decline as sea-surface temperatures warm. Like the relict Bishop pines on Santa Cruz Island, and the majestic coastal Redwood forests in Northern California, forests remove and store carbon from the atmosphere, and thus are important for understanding greenhouse gas concentrations in the future. These coastal forests are also highly valued for their aesthetic and recreation qualities.
Fog is often present in coastal California during May through August. It occurs when the land warms in the spring and summer, and moist ocean air is pulled over cold, upwelling coastal waters. This moist air then condenses under a stable atmospheric inversion layer, creating low clouds or fog banks.
"The finding that summer fog strongly impacts carbon cycling highlights the need for improved understanding of whether we should expect coastal summer cloud behavior to change in a warmer world," said second author A. Park Williams, a former graduate student in UCSB's Geography Department, now at Los Alamos National Laboratory. "A change in summer fogginess could produce temperature, moisture, and carbon feedbacks in coastal ecosystems that easily swamp out the effects expected from increased greenhouse gases alone," said Williams.
The carbon cycle involves the movement of billions of tons of carbon between the oceans, lands, and atmosphere every year. Increased amounts of carbon dioxide, a potent greenhouse gas, are injected into the atmosphere and contribute to climate change.
The scientists received help from NASA and NOAA in collecting information. "We used satellite data to map the spatial distribution of cloud cover across the western portion of Santa Cruz Island," said senior author Christopher J. Still, formerly an associate professor at UC Santa Barbara, now at Oregon State University. "We had some evidence of a cloud cover gradient from the coast to inland, based on our own observations and our weather station data, but the satellite data from NOAA and NASA satellites really allowed us to quantify this gradient across the western half of the island and in particular at our two study sites," said Still.
Still said that the authors believe this study is unique in linking clouds to soil microbial activity. "While most previous research on fog and ecosystems has focused on its role in plant-water relations such as the well-known linkages between fog and coast Redwoods we show that soil microbial activity and metabolism in these coastal ecosystems may be very dependent on the light but frequent fog drip that occurs during the rainless summer months," said Still. The study is also unique in linking fog and low clouds to the carbon cycle of a coastal ecosystem, including its impact on tree growth and soil respiration.
"What we found was that there are two major effects of the clouds," said Carbone. "One is shading, which keeps the temperatures cooler and the soil moisture higher. The other is fog drip, which is a water input into the soil."
The soil moisture content was not depleted as rapidly where the trees were under more cloud cover, and thus they were able to grow longer into the dry season. Water pulses from fog drip immediately stimulated microbes in the litter and soil below, but did not directly enhance pine tree activity. The microbial activity releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
"This study provides us with a greater understanding of how fog and the low coastal clouds which Californians commonly call 'the marine layer' affect plant growth and the activities of microorganisms in the soil," said John Randall, scientist with The Nature Conservancy, which owns and operates Santa Cruz Island in cooperation with the National Park Service and the University of California. "Their findings of the importance of fog and low clouds in influencing plant growth and survival and microbial metabolism in the soil will help us understand how changes in coastal fogs and low clouds that may accompany climate change will affect the forests and soils on Santa Cruz Island, other islands off the coast of California and Mexico, and all along the coast of the adjacent mainland."
###
The work on Santa Cruz Island, conducted in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy, was funded by grants from the Andrew Mellon Foundation and the Kearney Foundation of Soil Science. The NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellowship and the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis have supported Carbone.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-11/uoc--nss112812.php
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